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Karna and Arjuna are
two valiant warriors, both important characters in the great Hindu
epic, the Mahabharata. In fact, they are probably two of the greatest
warriors ever.
These combatants were born of the same mother, hence, were
half-brothers. Yet, their diametrically different personalities and
mutual antagonism went on to become one of the prime reasons for the
Mahabharata itself, forming its basis for the Kurukshetra war.
Though these striking personalities were always at loggerheads with
each other, it is the concluding war between them that is the most
cataclysmic and gripping in the entire tale of the Mahabharata.
It is believed that even the warriors in the battlefield and the Devas
or Gods in Swargaloka (heaven) watched this battle in awe and
admiration for these two Atirathis (greatest of warriors).
A soldier is given the title of an Atirathi only if he is capable of
fighting 60000 men at one and the same time, also successfully
vanquishing them all. In fact, the Mahabharata records only five
Atirathis, namely, Krishna, Bhishma, Drona, Karna and Arjuna.
Among these, Krishna only played the role of a sarathi (charioteer)
during the war. He never directly attacked anyone in the battlefield.
Who was the stronger of the two brothers, Karna and Arjuna? Who was the
better archer? Who was more valiant and pure-hearted? To find an apt
answer to these questions, we will first have to delve into the life
stories of both these great Maharathis (great personalities).
Karna or Radheya, as
he is also referred to, is a pivotal character in the Mahabharata.
Karna, the King of Anga, is the son of Kunti (the mother of the
Pandavas) and Surya (the Sun God). Karna is the closest friend of
Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kaurava brothers. He fought on his behalf
against his own brothers during the Kurukshetra war.
Throughout his lifetime, Karna had to fight against misfortunes galore.
Karna was born to Kunti, before her marriage with Pandu. Hence, he was
abandoned by her and was brought up by a charioteer, who is considered
to be much lower in caste than Kshatriyas. He had hence to bear the
brunt of ridicule and snide remarks from one and all, all through his
life.
Karna has set an ideal standard for the way a human being should behave
during his tenure of life on earth. Many admire him for this valiance
and generosity.
The sage Durvasa
once visited Kunti's father's palace when she was very young. Pleased
by Kunti's bhakti (devotion) for and seva (service) to him for an
entire year, the sage (usually known for his terrible temper) showered
his blessings on her.
Durvasa, though, foresaw that her marital life would be difficult, as
she would not be able to bear children through Pandu. He hence granted
her a boon that she could call upon any god of her choice, and beget a
child through him.
A curious, yet
unmarried, Kunti, decided to test the power of the boon.
She looked to the Sun and invoked the mantra. Surya immediately
appeared before her and handed her a son, who was as radiant and robust
as the Sun God himself.
The baby had a Kavacha (armour) and Kundalas (a pair of dangling
earrings) at birth. In fact, his name Karna (meaning 'ear' in
Sanskrit), came because he was born with divine earrings.
Kunti had not biologically given birth to the child and yet, she knew that she would not have the courage to face the world as an unwed mother. With the help of her maid Dhatri, Kunti placed baby Karna in a basket and set him afloat on the holy river Ashwanadi, which actually joins the Ganga.
The basket with baby
Karna kept floating on the river, till it was discovered by Adhirata, a
charioteer of the king Dhritarashtra. He and his wife Radha raised the
child as their own and named him Vasusena.
Since he was raised as the son of Radha, Karna also came to be known as
Radheya. Karna too was a loving son to his foster parents and dutifully
served them to the very end of their lifetimes.
As he grew older,
Karna clearly grew more interested in the art of warfare than in being
a charioteer. Karna then met Dronacharya, who was an established
teacher in the martial arts and the art of warfare. Dronacharya was
teacher to all the Kuru princes, but refused to take on Karna as his
student, since Karna was the son of a lowly charioteer.
Karna then decided to become self-taught, with the help of his brother,
Shona. However, Indian culture demands that you need to have a Guru or
teacher whenever you learn something new. Hence, Karna made his actual
father, Surya Deva, his guru.
During daytime, Karna gathered information about various ayudhas or
weapons. After sundown, he practised them. Many days, weeks, months and
years passed in this fashion. Before long, Karna had mastered all the
aspects of warfare, like he had planned to.
Once, Karna visited
Hastinapur (the capital of the Kauravas). There, he befriended
Ashwathama, son of Drona, and heard from him that the previous week,
Guru Drona had tested his students in their skill of archery.
He had hung a wooden bird from the branch of a tree and then asked his
students, one by one, to to aim for the bird's eye. He then asked each
student what he could see.
Each one gave him a different answer. Someone said that he could see
the garden, the tree, the leaves and so on. Drona then asked each one
to step aside and not to shoot.
When it was Arjuna's turn, he told his Guru that he could see only the
bird's eye and nothing else around. Pleased, the Guru asked Arjuna to
shoot the bird - something the boy achieved almost effortlessly.
This story made Karna decide that if Arjuna could successfully hit one
eye of the bird, he should be able to hit both of the bird's eyes with
a single shot. That very night, Karna, again with the help of Shona,
decided to use the Palita (an instrument used to lighten homes).
Karna strung his bow with two arrows and successfully hit both eyes of
the bird in a single shot. This was a feat that only the most
extraordinary archer could ever achieve.
Wanting to learn
about the use of divine weapons, Karna approached Lord
Parashurama, who was the Guru of Drona. Since he only taught Brahmins,
Karna pretended to be one and requested to be taken in as a student. So
pleased was Parashurama with Karna's prowess that he declared him to be
equal to himself in the art of warfare and archery. Parashurama even
gifted his personal bow, Vijaya, to Karna.
One afternoon,
Parashurama lay down on Karna's lap for a while. After a little time, a
giant bee stung Karna's thigh. Karna was in deep pain but did not move
so as not to disturb his Guru's sleep, even as the wound began to
bleed.
When Parashurama awoka, he deduced that Karna was a Kshatriya and not a
Brahmin, as only a Kshatriya could have endured such excruciating pain.
Feeling insulted at being lied to, he placed a curse on Karna, that all
his martial skills, including the use of the Brahmastra, would fail him
when he needed them the most.
Karna pleaded with him for mercy and revealed that he was only the son
of a charioteer and not a Kshatriya. Parashurama relented, but this
curse was now irrevocable. He then gifted Karna a celestial weapon
called Bhargavastra and eventually blessed him saying that in the end,
Karna would achieve everlasting glory and immortal fame.
Leaving
Parashurama's ashram, Karna was forced to shoot an arrow at a
cow that was rushing at him. The dead cow's owner was furious when he
witnessed the incident. He cursed Karna that he too would be killed in
the same way that he killed the poor helpless animal.
There is yet another incident where Karna saw a little girl crying over
her pot of spilt ghee. She was upset and afraid that her stepmother
would punish her for the accident. Karna offers to procure fresh ghee
for her, but the child refuses, saying that she would only accept the
old ghee, even if it were to be mixed with the soil.
Karna then took the mixture in his hand and squeezed it, in order to
separate it from the soil. This incensed Bhoomidevi (Mother Earth), who
accused him of inflicting immense pain on her. She told him that she
would trap his chariot wheel in the earth, during a crucial period in
the battlefield, thus making him vulnerable to his enemies.
Sadly, all these curses took effect at one and the same time during the
war of Kurukshetra, rendering him totally helpless while at war.
Drona held a
tournament at Hastinapura, to display the skills of the Kuru princes.
Arjuna emerged as a particularly gifted archer at this event. Though
Karna took part and also surpassed Arjuna's feats, he was refused a
duel with Arjuna, as only a prince could challenge him.
Duryodhana, who noted Karna's potential and knew he was his strongest
chance against Pandavas, immediately offered him his friendship and the
throne of the kingdom Anga, thus him a king, hence, also eligible to
duel Arjuna.
This event gave rise to a strong bond between Duryodhana and Karna.
This in turn resulted in intense rivalry between Karna and Arjuna,
sparking off hatred among the rest of the Pandavas as well.
Though Karna was loyal to Duryodhana, he never wished to be party to
the latter's vile ways. He constantly advised Duryodhana hone his
battle skill to defeat his enemies, rather than deceit. He also
disliked Shakuni, Duryodhana's uncle, and was opposed to the game of
dice, that ruined the Pandavas' pride.
When the Pandavas emerged alive from the Lakshyagraha (house of lac)
incident that was meant to kill them, Karna chided Duryodhana, telling
him that cowardice would only rob him of all his glory.
When the princess of Chitraganda refused to marry Duryodhana during
her swayamvara, Karna carried her away by force, so as to hand her over
to him. When the others present there tried to stop him, Karna defeated
all of them single-handedly and finally accomplished his mission.
The Draupadi
swayamvara was attended by many great kings and princes from all over
India. Karna was also present at the function. An artificial revolving
fish was hung up from a pole placed in the center of the hall. Directly
below this was a bowl of water. All participants were assigned the task
of looking down at the reflection of the fish and hit its eye.
Karna proceeded towards the target and he would have successfully
completed the task, but on Krishna's gesture, Draupadi stopped him,
saying that no Sutaputra had the right to participate in this
swayamvara.
The Pandavas were there too, disguised as Brahmins. When all the others
failed, Arjuna stepped into the ring and successfully hit the target,
thereby winning Draupadi's hand in marriage.
When Karna later came to know of Arjuna's true identity, his feelings
of rivalry further intensified.
The Kauravas won the
game of dice by trickery, with the help of Shakuni. Draupadi, the
Pandavas' wife, was dragged into court. Karna humiliated her by saying
that a woman with more than four husbands was just a 'whore' and so,
she could afford to carry on with more men.
Incensed, Arjuna swore to personally kill Karna.
Karna subsequently fought many battles before the Kurukshetra war and
won all of them, thereby becoming stronger by the day.
When peace
negotiations between the Pandavas and the Kauravas failed, Krishna
approached Karna and revealed to him his true identity as the eldest
Pandava. He then asks Karna to join their side. Krishna also assured
him that Yudhishthira would most certainly give him the crown of
Indraprastha.
But Karna refused the offer because he had already sworn fidelity to
Duryodhana and had to repay his debt to Duryodhana. He also remarked
that as long as Krishna was with the Pandavas, defeat would certainly
be awaiting him. Krishna was saddened, but saluting Karna's sense of
loyalty, accepted his decision and promised him that his true lineage
would remain a secret.
Indra, the King of
the Devas and father of Arjuna, knew that Arjuna would be invincible in
battle as long as he had his Kavacha and Kundalas that he was born
with. Indra hence decided to take them away and thereby weaken Karna.
He approached Karna as a poor Brahmin during his mid-day prayer.
Surya warned Karna of Indra's intentions, asking him not to give away
his armour and earrings. But Karna decided that he could not send
anyone from his door empty handed, even if it meant his own death.
Karna readily gave away his Kavacha and Kundalas to Indra, cutting the
armor and earrings off his body, earning the name Vaikartana. Ashamed,
Indra reciprocated by giving Karna the boon to use his most powerful
weapon, the Vasavi Shakti, only once during battle.
As the war
approached, a restless Kunti went to meet Karna to reveal his true
identity. Mother and son shared a touching moment together. Kunti asked
him to call himself Kaunteya instead of Radheya, but Karna gently
denied her this desire.
He also refused to join the Pandavas, saying that it was too late now
to do that, since he was already a close friend of Duryodhana. However,
Karna promised Kunti that he would not kill any of the Pandavas except
Arjuna.
Karna was well aware that Arjuna would be invincible, as he was blessed
with Krishna's divine grace. But this way, he would be able to repay
Duryodhana, while also perform the rightful duties of an elder brother.
Hence, Karna told Kunti that she could get to keep only five sons, the
fifth one being either him or Arjuna. Karna also requested Kunti to
keep their true relationship under wraps until his death.
Bhishma, the
commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army, did not want Karna's
participation in the war under his leadership. Bhishma said that Karna
had insulted both Parashurama and Draupadi and such a person should not
fight the war. Bhishma who knew about Karna's true identity, did not
want him to fight against his own brothers. Hence, Karna entered the
battlefield only on the eleventh day after Bhishma's fall on the tenth
day.
On the thirteenth
day of the battle, Abhimanyu, Arjuna's son, laid down his life while
fighting for the Pandavas. He was trapped in a Chakravyuha formation,
which he only knew to enter, and not to survive out of.
He fought valiantly and single-handedly, but was eventually no match to
stalwarts like Karna, Drona and Duryodhana. Finally, the young warrior
died at the hands of the Kauravas.
Bhima's son,
Ghatotkacha, who is a half-asura (demon), decided to enter the battle
against the Kauravas. Being extraordinarily powerful, he destroyed
almost everything in sight. Duryodhana requested Karna's help to
vanquish him.
Karna fought long and hard with Ghatotkacha. The demon started using
dark magic. That is when Karna decided to destroy him with the Vasava
Shakti, which Indra had gifted him.
Ghatotkacha fell to the ground and died instantly, severely crippling
the Pandava side. But Krishna smiled, as he knew that Karna could use
this weapon only once. Hence, Arjuna would no longer be threatened by
it.
The Mahabharat war
fought on day 16 and day 17 are jointly referred to as the Karna Parva
- when Karna becomes the commander of Kaurava army.
Krishna warns Arjuna to be caution in the battlefield, as Karna is his
equal and even much superior to him at times. This proves that even
Krishna knew that Karna was almost invincible and could easily succeed
in destroying Arjuna if he really focused on it.
Krishna hence asks Arjuna to slay the Sutaputra as early as possible,
so as to save himself from most certain defeat and destruction.
Karna defeated all the Pandavas on the sixteenth day of battle. He
first defeated Bhima, but left him alive, since he was his own younger
brother. He did not kill any of the four brothers, since he had given
Kunti his word that he would only take Arjuna's life.
Karna then asked his charioteer, Shalya, to take him to Arjuna. He took
out his powerful Nagastra and hurled it at Arjuna. This would
definitely have killed him, but for the fact that Krishna subtly
lowered the chariot into the earth by putting pressure with his feet.
Arjuna let off a volley of arrows, which Karna answered almost
effortlessly. Finally, Arjuna was left weaponless. But by that time,
the sun had set, and so, Karna spared his life, observing the rules of
the war.
On the seventeenth day, both the brothers fought again. Karna cut
Arjuna's bow strings many times, but Arjuna was also equally quick in
tying it again and again. Karna could not but admire his younger
brother's tenacity on the battlefield and commented to Shalya that not
for nothing was Arjuna termed as the greatest archer of their time.
Karna fought long
and hard, but just when the battle between the brothers would have
reached stalemate, Karna's chariot wheel sank into the ground and got
trapped in the loose wet soil, rooting his chariot to the spot.
As the curse of the past took effect, he also forgot the incantations
of the divine mantras taught to him by his Gurus. Hence, he could not
summon up divine weapons either.
Karna descended from his chariot to free the wheel and requested Arjuna
to wait till it was set right, according to the rules of the battle.
But Krishna asked Arjuna not to stick by the rules this time, as Karna
had also committed enough atrocities against the Pandavas.
Though Arjuna objected to Krishna's stand, the latter convinced him
that it would be no sin to kill a man who had stood by evil all through
his life.
Arjuna then shot several arrows at the helpless and weaponless Karna,
critically wounding him. But Karna still did not die. Krishna then
explained that Karna's acts of generosity were saving him from certain
death.
Krishna then took the form of an aged Brahmin, went up to Karna and
requested alms from him. The ever-generous Karna told him he had
nothing to offer anymore, whereupon the Lord asked him to give away the
fruits of all the charity he had done all his life.
Karna, being the kind-hearted soul he was, acquiesced and offered the
Brahmin his blood as a representation of the fruits of his charitable
actions.
Krishna was touched by the greatness of this warrior and in return,
gave him his Viswa-roopa darshan (glimpse of his gigantic cosmic form)
and blessed him. Karna was one of the very few characters in the
Mahabharata to have had this darshan from Krishna.
Krishna headed back to Arjuna and asked him to slay Karna. This, now,
was only too simple for Arjuna.
Kunti requested her
sons to perform the final rites for Karna. When they refused, she
revealed the truth about his birth. This shocked and saddened the
Pandavas, who realized that they had killed their own eldest brother. A
furious Yudhishtira then cursed his mother and all women in general,
that women would never be able to keep a secret from that point on.
In keeping with Karna's last wish, Karna's Antim Sanskar (last rites)
was performed by Krishna himself. Karna was the only person in the
Mahabharata who received this great honour.
Arjuna, the third of
the Pandava brothers, was a central hero in the Mahabharata. He is
often referred to as Jishnu - the undefeatable one. He is also
considered to be a reincarnation of sage Nara, the eternal companion of
Narayana or Vishnu.
Arjuna was a dear friend, also brother-in-law, of Lord Krishna himself.
In fact, it is believed that it was only Krishna's unstinted support
that made Arjuna what he is today. Arjuna was also the direct recipient
of the Bhagavad Gita as told by Krishna during the Kurukshetra war.
Arjuna was the son
of Kunti and Indra. Just like his father, Arjuna too was well-built and
exceptionally handsome. He was also additionally loyal, true to his
friends, sensitive, thoughtful and most importantly, most respectful to
his elders.
Arjuna was one of
the greatest ever warriors. Being a keen student, he was extremely
focused and quickly grasped everything that his guru Drona taught him,
soon attaining the status of "Maharathi".
So passionate about archery was this ambidextrous archer, that once he
had mastered the art, he would practice in pitch darkness, so as to
hone his skills further. He finally came to be known as the greatest
archer of his time.
His extreme skill in
archery won him the hand of Draupadi, his first wife and the daughter
of Drupada, king of Panchala. Arjuna, being the peerless archer he was,
had no difficulty hitting the rotating wooden fish, thereby emerging
victorious at Draupadi's swayamvara function.
When Arjuna came
home, along with Draupadi, he asked his mother, Kunti, to see what he
had got for her. Kunti, without noticing, asked him to share it with
all his brothers. Thus, Draupadi ended up becoming the wife of all the
five Pandavas. Yet, it is said that Draupadi loved Arjuna the most
among the brothers.
The Pandavas had set
a rule for themselves that no brother would disturb any other brother
when he was alone with Draupadi - the penalty for this would be exile
for twelve years.
It so happened that a Brahmin sought Arjuna's help, as a team of
cattle-thieves had seized his herd. Arjuna was now in a dilemma, as his
weaponry was in the room where Draupadi and Yudhishthira were together.
As a warrior, he had to save the Brahmin, but that would mean going on
exile.
But finally, duty ruled over everything else. So Arjuna picked up his
weaponry, defeated the cattle-thieves and left for exile, in spite of
opposition from his entire family, and then went on a self-exile of
twelve years to repent for the sin committed.
Arjuna left for
Manipur, where he married the Naga princess, Uloopi. During the exile
period, he also married many other princesses, so as to strengthen the
Pandavas' support base.
Arjuna's most loved wives included Draupadi, Uloopi, Chitrangada and
Subhadra, Krishna's sister. Knowing that the family would disapprove of
Subhadra becoming the fourth wife of Arjuna, Krishna himself helped the
couple elope to Indraprastha. He then convinced everyone to accept
Subhadra into her new family.
Arjuna and Subhadra were then blessed with a son, Abhimanyu. Later,
Abhimanyu married Uttara and begot a child, Parikshita, who was the
lone survivor of the Kuru dynasty. He then went on to become Emperor of
the Pandava kingdom.
Soon after returning
to Indraprastha, Arjuna proceeded to the Khandava forest with Krishna.
There, they met Agni, the Fire God, who had fallen ill after consuming
the ghee offered to him at one of the yagnas (fire rituals). Agni
requested help from Arjuna and Krishna in restoring his health.
Arjuna told Agni that he must give him a powerful unbreakable bow to
withstand the power of Indra's astras (weapons). Accordingly, Agni
invoked Varuna, the Rain God, and gave Arjuna the Gandeeva, a
tremendously powerful bow, which would bring him certain victory in
battle. He also gave him a divine chariot, with powerful white horses
that would not be wounded by ordinary weapons.
It is believed that the Gandeeva was originally created by the Creator,
Brahma himself.
During the fifth
year of the Pandavas' exile, Arjuna left his family to perform penance
to please Lord Shiva. He wanted to obtain the Pashupata Astra, Shiva's
most powerful personal weapon. Shiva decided to test him further. He
created an asura (demon) in the shape of a wild boar to disturb
Arjuna's penance. Angry to be disturbed during tapas (penance), Arjuna
chased it and shot an arrow at it. At the same time, Shiva, in the
guise of a rude hunter, also shot another arrow to hit the boar.
Arjuna and the hunter then had an argument about whose arrow killed the
boar. They then started a duel. This resulted in Arjuna being shorn of
all his weapons - he became helpless at the hands of the hunter.
Ashamed at this defeat, Arjuna turned to the Shivalinga that he has
been worshiping, and offered it flowers, only to find that the flowers
had appeared on the body of the hunter instead.
Arjuna then realized the hunter's true identity, and fell at the Lord's
feet. Pleased, Shiva granted him knowledge of the Pashupata Astra.
After this, Arjuna proceeded to Indraloka to spend time with his father
Indra. There, he acquired further training from the Devas.
During his stay at
Indraloka, Arjuna was propositioned by the apsara Urvashi. Urvashi had
once wedded king Pururavas, and had borne him a son named Ayus. Since
Ayus was a predecessor of Arjuna, he thought of Urvashi as a mother and
rejected her advances, also explaining the reason for it.
A spurned Urvashi told him that these earthly rules did not apply to
Apsaras. Yet, Arjuna could not accept this. Urvashi was furious and
cursed Arjuna with impotence. Later, at Indra's request, she relented
and said that it would last only one year, and that he could choose any
one year of his life during which to suffer the life of a eunuch.
The curse was a blessing in disguise, as Arjuna used for the period of
one year when he, his brothers, and their wife Draupadi all lived in
agyata vaasa (incognito) while in exile.
They lived at the palace of King Virata and Arjuna took the name
Brihannala. At the end of this year, Arjuna single-handedly defeated a
Kaurava army that had invaded Virata's kingdom.
When Virata Naresh (king of Virata) realized Arjuna's identity, he
offered him his daughter, Uttara's, hand in marriage. Arjuna was her
dance tutor at the time, and much younger than him. Arjuna hence
proposed that Uttara should marry his son Abhimanyu.
Arjuna also had the
powerful Hanuman as an ally. Legend has it that Hanuman once appeared
as a talking monkey before Arjuna at Rameshwaram. This is the location
where Lord Rama had built the bridge to cross over to Lanka to rescue
his wife, Sita, from the clutches of Ravana.
Arjuna did not realize who he was talking to and rather arrogantly
remarked that Rama should have made a bridge of arrows, rather than
taking the help of monkeys. Hanuman challenged him to build one capable
of bearing his weight.
Arjuna accepted the challenge and got to building the bridge. To his
dismay, though, Hanuman totally destroyed the bridge. Shamed, Arjuna
decided to take his own life.
Lord Vishnu appeared before them and scolded them both - Arjuna for his
vanity and Hanuman for making a great warrior like Arjuna feel
incompetent. A friendship developed between Hanuman and Arjuna and the
former agreed to help Arjuna by strengthening his chariot during the
upcoming war of Kurukshetra.
When the Pandavas
returned from their exile and asked the Kauravas to return their
kingdom as per their promise, the Kauravas refused. Krishna tried to
mediate in order to maintain peace, but this was not to happen.
Finally, the great war of Kurukshetra breaks out.
Krishna was
concerned about Arjuna, as Karna possessed Indra's powerful Shakti
astra. This weapon could be fatal to anyone, including Arjuna. He hence
asked Arjuna to pray to Goddess Durga.
Arjuna meditated on her and Durga appeared before him, blessed him and
told him that he would be safe during the Kurukshetra war. Krishna also
told him that Karna would not fight against him as Bhishma had promised
to become the chief of the Kaurava army on the condition that Karna
would not fight. But later, after Bhishma's fall, Karna decided to
fight against Arjuna.
Krishna's brother,
Balarama, remained neutral, as both Pandavas and Kauravas were kinsmen
of the Yadavas. Krishna decided to become Arjuna's personal charioteer
during the 18-day war. This is why Krishna is also called Parthasarathy
- that is, the charioteer of Partha or Arjuna. Krishna protected Arjuna
many times during the war.
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More importantly,
Krishna also showed Arjuna the path of Dharma (righteousness) by
revealing the Bhagavad Gita, just prior to commencing the battle.
As the two armies
faced each other on the battlefield, Arjuna's grew sad and fidgety. The
thought of engaging in battle with his own elders who had given him so
much love - the guru Dronacharya, who taught him to wield the bow -
weakened his very spirit.
Was it really worth it, he asked himself, to annihilate his own near
and dear ones for the sake of a mere kingdom? Arjuna faltered as the
war was about to begin.
Krishna, sensing Arjuna's unease, revealed the Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna.
In it, Krishna stated that Arjuna's primary duty was to uphold the
Dharma, without fear of loss or consequence and without desiring for
reward. The discharge of one's moral duty, Krishna said, had to be
placed above all else.
Krishna then revealed to Arjuna his Vishwaroopa, which showed the whole
world starting from and ending with him. This was the most glorious
moment in the whole of the Mahabharata - also one of the main reasons
for the Krishna avatara itself.
A stunned Arjuna bowed down before Krishna's Vishwaroopa and, summoning
up all his energy, readied for the gruelling battle ahead.
Arjuna vowed to kill
the king of Sindhu, Jayadratha, who he held mainly responsible for his
son Abhimanyu's death. He pledged that he would self immolate if he
failed in this mission by the end of the day.
This pledge terrified Jayadratha, who even comtemplated fleeing the
battlefield. But he was held back by Duryodhana, Drona, Karna and
Shakuni. Drona promised to keep Jayadratha safe within a Chakravyuha
formation and stationed himself and Kritvarma at the helm of the same.
He also kept many other layers of warriors and soldiers in front, so as
to ensure Jayadratha's complete safety.
Watching the arrangements, Jayadratha started relaxing, as he did not
think anyone could actually be successful in breaking into such a huge
and complex human barricade.
Arjuna blew his conch and twanged the Gandeeva. Krishna asked him to
bypass Drona and Arjuna did so. Drona challenged Arjuna, but he
refused, saying that Drona was his teacher, and so, he would not lift
arms against him.
Drona then went back into his camp and thought of ways to capture
Yudhisthira. Arjuna, in the meantime, got busy slaying all the mighty
Kaurava warriors inside the array, slowly diminishing layer by layer of
the security.
He used his
celestial weapons to wreak havoc among the infantry and elephant
divisions. As each warrior was killed, their respective armies started
to flee from Arjuna. This way, he was able to quickly instabilize most
of the defense.
Bheema, Satyaki and Drishtadyumna, meanwhile, managed to keep Drona at
bay, thereby making it impossible for him to capture Yudhishthira.
At this time, Yudhishthira sent Bheema and Satyaki to help Arjuna. They
also defeat Drona and enter the Kaurava host, without encountering too
much trouble.
Karna proceeded to duel with Satyaki and also defeated him. Then Karna
also went on to try and defeat Bhima. Bhima managed to slay Karna's
horses and his charioteer, rendering him helpless. But since Karna was
fighting in his own army, he immediately called another chariot.
After a prolonged fight, Karna defeated Bhima as well, but did not kill
him. But insulting him, Karna moved away. Humiliated, Bhima ascended
Satyaki's chariot and proceeded ahead.
Duryodhana requested Drona to stop him, but the Acharya asked him to
fight with Arjuna instead. To protect Duryodhana, Drona tied an
impenetrable armour to his body and blessed him. Duryodhana then went
to duel with Arjuna.
In spite of the armour, Duryodhana was easily defeated by Arjuna.
He would have killed Duryodhana, but Ashwatthama, Duhshasana and
Kripacharya intervened just in time and saved him.
Arjuna then started fighting with Karna, Ashwatthama, Kripa and
Duryodhana. Since the fight seemed to go on for too long, Krishna told
Arjuna that he would artificially create darkness. Using this
opportunity, he could slay Jayadratha.
Darkness fell on the battlefield giving the impression of approaching
sunset. Thinking he was safe, Jayadratha came out of hiding. Arjuna
took out his arrow and killed Jayadratha instantly.
Jayadratha had a boon that one who made his head fall on the ground
would die immediately, so Arjuna made sure that his severed head would
fly off and fall on the lap of his father, who was meditating close to
the battlefield.
Arjuna's main target
was Karna, who, unknown to him, was his own half-brother. Arjuna had
too many grudges against him and this was the time to wreak revenge on
Karna. This was the time that both valiant warriors had so looked
forward too.
This personal rivalry between them had grown so much, that it all ended
in a terrible climactic battle. Both let out powerful weapons of great
speed for a long, long time. Both warriors knew very well that only one
among them would survive in the end.
A fierce duel took place between the two brothers. At one point of
time, Arjuna's arrow struck Karna's Chariot, hurling it several hundred
feet away. Karna's arrow too struck Arjuna's chariot but displaced it
only by a short distance.
So valorous was Karna in battle, that even Lord Krishna praised him for
his martial skills.
Knowing that Arjuna could be defeated by means of ordinary weapons,
Karna used his Nagastra. A snake Aswasena, whose mother was killed by
Arjuna years ago, entered the weapon and made it infallible. But Karna
did not want Arjuna to be killed by anyone else's might except his own.
Hence, he refused to use the Nagastra again on Arjuna.
Arjuna then shot a volley of arrows piercing right through his armour,
cutting off his earrings, hitting all his vital points. Karna fell to
the ground, reeling in pain.
As a result of Parasurama's curse, Karna also forgot the mantras
required to invoke the Brahmastra. His chariot wheel also sank into the
ground. Though these incidents favoured Arjuna, Karna still continued
to fight valiantly.
Arjuna asked Krisnha to stop their chariot as well, so that he could
fight Karna on equal ground. Arjuna took out a divyaastra (divine
weapon) called Rudra. Karna tried again to invoke the Brahmastra to
counter this astra, but could not do so.
Karna descended from the chariot and asked Arjuna to wait until he
could free his chariot from the soil. Arjuna took back the Rudra weapon.
At this time,
Krishna intervened and reminded Karna that all of his
past deeds went against the Dharma. Hence, he told him that he did not
deserve to receive righteous conduct either. Krishna then asked Arjuna
to keep fighting in spite of Karna being without a chariot. After all,
he reminded Arjuna, Karna had taken great pleasure in slaughtering the
young and defenceless Abhimanyu.
At this point, Karna somehow managed to injure Arjuna, thus making time
to pull out his chariot again. Arjuna regained his composure. Krishna
asked him yet again to slay Karna and told him that if he did not act
now, he may never again get this opportunity to overwhelm Karna and
finally win the war of Dharma.
Arjuna then used his arrow, Anjalika, to behead Karna. Karna died on
the spot and the war of Kurukshetra ended the very next day with
Duryodhana's death.
After the war, the
Pandavas ruled Hastinapura and won much fame and acclaim from one and
all. They then decided to conduct the Ashwamedha Yagna, or "horse
sacrifice", to grant them the title of Chakravarti or Emperor.
In this ritual, a horse is let loose to wander at will. The kings upon
whose lands the horse wanders have a choice. They can either accept the
owner of the horse as their own master, or they can resist the siege,
in which case, they have to fight a war to win.
Arjuna led the armed host which followed the horse around. Knowing his
might, many kings chose to submit their territories to him. This led to
the expansion of the Pandava domain.
The Pandavas ruled for long, after which they decided to renounce the
world, handing over the kingdom to Parikshit.
We now try to draw a
parallel between Arjuna and Karna in order to find out who was the
better warrior out of the two. There were many instances when they both
faced similar circumstances.
Though
half-brothers, both showed diametrically opposite personalities. While
Karna was an extremely gifted, kind-hearted, brave, giving, generous to
a fault and righteous, all of which had been taken advantage of, during
the entire episode of the Mahabharata, especially during the
Kurukshetra war.
In fact, Karna had
all the five qualities of an ideal husband that Draupadi was seeking
before her wedding to Arjuna. Had Draupadi married Karna, she could
have had all the qualities in just that one person, without having to
go through the trouble of becoming the wife of five men. She then would
not have had to go through societal disapproval either.
There is a story that Draupadi and Karna were actually in love with one
another, before she married the Pandavas. Neither Draupadi nor Karna
had known his actual identity and royal lineage.
Karna would in all certainty have won Draupadi's hand at the
swayamvara, but he was denied permission because he was the son of a
Suta, a Charioteer. Krishna had known all along that Karna was Kunti's
son, but he was the one to tell Draupadi not to let Karna participate.
Was this not a clear case of adharma (unrighteousness)?
As the story goes, the Swayamvara incident had so incensed Karna, that
he held on to the grudge against Draupadi, finally calling her Veshya
or prostitute, during the Dyutkreeda (Game of Dice) episode. This
incident actually triggered off the Kurukshetra war.
No doubt Arjuna was
the best example of a diligent student, an embodiment of concentration
and also one who was blessed with the divine grace of Lord Sri Krishna.
In fact, he was always victorious only due to Krishna's presence in his
life. Many times, Krishna had resorted to adharma in order to win
against both Karna and the Kauravas. How could this probably be
justifiable?
Arjuna showed his highly arrogant and vain side many times during the
course of the Mahabharata. For instance, after he killed Karna, Arjuna
arrogantly proclaimed himself the greatest archer in the whole world.
Krishna merely smiled and said nothing and proceeded to take Arjuna
back to his chariot. At Krishna's signal, the flag bearing Lord
Hanuman's sign fell to the ground. At that instant, Arjuna's chariot
exploded into dust and its horses were burnt alive.
Hanuman appeared before them and revealed that he was the one who had
been protecting Arjuna's chariot from the effect of Karna's weapons. He
also reminded Arjuna that only Lord Krishna's power was holding the
chariot together. Arjun then realized his error and praised Karna for
his bravery.
There is an
explanation as to why Karna suffered so much injustice and such a
violent death. It is said that Karna's friendship with Duryodhana had
ultimately led him towards his own destruction. He had unwillingly
supported his friend in all his adharmic actions, and hence, had to pay
a heavy price for the same.
He had known all along that his relationship with Duryodhana would end
up in his own destruction, but he had no other option. Duryodhana was
the only one who supported Karna's cause and made his the king of Anga,
when all the others had ridiculed him, calling him a Sutaputra.
Karna is also criticised for insulting Draupadi and supporting
Duryodhana who wanted to dishonour her in public.
The other adharmic incident Karna carries out during the war is the
killing of the young and defenceless Abhimanyu. This was definitely not
befitting of an honourable warrior such as Karna. He eventually paid in
the same coin. He too was slain in an adharmic way, when he was unarmed
and chariotless.
Many Hindus still
revere Karna for his bravery and generosity. Throughout his life, he
suffered immense hardships, but he never gave up hope. Instead, he
continued unflinchingly with his duty and finally achieved martyrdom.
Even stalwarts such as Bheesma and Krishna considered him to a noble
spirit, one of a kind in the entire human race.
Karna truly deserves sympathy. Though born as a divine prince, he was
treated as an outcaste all his life. Kunti should have acknowledged and
celebrated the radiant Karna as her oldest son, but she cruelly
abandoned him instead.
In spite of being the mightiest of warriors, he was never given that
recognition. He had to live with all these frustrations haunting him
for an entire lifetime.
Added to that, he had also been unfairly cursed several times, which
led to his ultimate defeat and death during the war.
Nevertheless, Karna is worthy of the greatest respect and admiration
for his amazing personality and indomitable will to fight against all
odds.
Karna's greatness,
should however, not detract us from Arjuna's importance in the
Mahabharata. He was a central figure and an incarnation of the Nara.
His divine birth was celebrated by the Devas, Munis (sages) and
apsaras. Not for nothing was Arjuna so close to Krishna. Such a person
could not be a mere ordinary individual.
What was special about Arjuna was his quest for perfection in every
field of his life. His life story gives us important lessons to learn
from - his unflinching adherence to duty, his respect towards elders,
his devotion to his Guru and so on.
Arjuna's might was commendable indeed. He could single-handedly
vanquish several armies and one and the same time. He also bore all the
Kauravas' insults with dignity and decorum and never acted except with
Krishna's permission.
Arjuna's unquestioning devotion to Krishna finally ultimately led him
to the path of victory and success. This tells us that moving along the
path of dharma alone will help sustain us through our journey of life.
This article was written by:
Priya Viswanathan, a teacher/performer of Bharata Natyam, Classical Music and Classical Instrumental Veena. A recipient of several awards for both music and dance, Priya is also a freelance writer online. She currently writes for About.com, a subsidiary of IAC - the parent company of Ask.com. (http://mobiledevices.about.com)
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